Any Phenomenon and process in the Universe must be viewed and described as a process of Energy Transformation, when Energy passes from one form to another.
When the Energy transformation process began, shortly after the hypothetical Big Bang, Quarks began to form. There were 6 quarks. The energy at that time was in these 6 quarks. Only two of these quarks form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are Protons & Neutrons, or the “bricks” of the observable Universe, and the corresponding Energy is transformed into them. The smallest part. According to current beliefs – everything on Earth, everything that has ever been observed with all our instruments, all ordinary matter together makes up less than 5% of the Universe.
According to the current dominant theoretical model, 13.8 billion years ago, all the energy in the universe was concentrated in one place. The “Big Expansion” took place, the inflationary process. Inflation stopped at about10−33 to 10−32 seconds tick, and the volume of the universe increased by at least 1078, until the universe reached the temperature necessary to form quark-gluon plasma
6 Quarks, antiquarks and the elements that provide their binding force were formed. In these 6 quarks, there was the Energy of time (plus/minus, depending on what other particles there were and interpretations).
Protons/Neutrons
Protons/Neutrons are made up of – two of the six quarks. A proton is made up of – two up (U) and one down (D) quarks. A neutron is made up of – two down (U) and one up (D) quarks.
These two Quarks contain only a portion of the Energy of the Universe.
Important note – Quarks are not “reborn” into Proton/Neutron by disappearing, but rather by merging they created a larger Structure – Proton and Neutron! Quarks are a part of the Proton/Neutron, the structure. 18+ billion year old Quarks are in Proton/Neutron.Kvarki nevis “pārdzimst” Protonā/Neitronā izzūdot, bet gan apvienojoties izveidoja lielāku Struktūru – Protonu un Neitronu! Kvarki ir Protona/Neitrona, struktūras sastāvdaļa. 18+ miljardus gadus vecie Kvarki ir Protonos/Neitronos.
Atomic level
When a proton and a neutron combine, an atom is formed. Depending on the number of protons and neutrons in an atom, another atom is formed. There are many different types of atoms, each with its own name, mass and size. The different types of atoms are called chemical elements. The chemical elements are grouped in the periodic table. Below is a small list from the periodic table, without looking at the different isotopes. The main thing is the relationships:
Atom/Chem.El. | Protons | Neutrons | Electrons | U quarks | D quarks |
1.Hydrogen. H | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
2. Hēlijs. He | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 |
3.Lithium. Li | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 9 |
4.Beryllium. Be | 4 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 14 |
5.Boron. B | 5 | 6 | 5 | 16 | 17 |
6.Carbon.C. | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 | 18 |
7.Nitrogen.N | 7 | 7 | 7 | 21 | 21 |
8.Oxygen.O | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 | 24 |
9.Flour.F | 9 | 10 | 9 | 28 | 29 |
And so on, and so on. As the number of Protons (U&Dquarks)/Neutrons (U&Dquarks) in the nucleus changes, the type of Atom changes. This relationship continues until the last Atoms/chemical elements in the table. Let’s look at the last rows:
Atom/Chem.El. | Protons | Neutrons | Electrons | U quarks | D quarks |
117.Tennessine.Ts. | 117 | 177 | 117 | 411 | 471 |
118.Oganesson.Og | 118 | 176 | 118 | 412 | 470 |
Since each Atom consists of a Proton/Neutron, at the same time, it contains a proportional number of Up and Down quarks.
We defined “How deep do you have to go to understand”: Regardless of the Phenomenon – the Phenomenon is one, but it consists of Structural Elements and their various components, the depth of the Structural Elements system, which, at different levels and configurations of the depth of the Structural Elements, in a unified common interaction, also form the observable Phenomenon. The existence of the Observable Phenomenon and the Structural Elements of the Phenomenon is directly consequential/dependent on their components. By changing the components of the Structural Element, another Phenomenon is formed. That is – by changing the number of protons/neutrons, the observable Phenomenon – the Atom – changes. When Atoms combine, molecules are formed.
Important note – Quarks are not “reborn” into the Atom, disappearing, but rather combining to create a larger Structure – the Atom! Quarks are a part of this Atom, Proton/Neutron, structure. 18+ billion year old Quarks, Protons/Neutrons are in the Atom.
Structural element Molecule, the diversity formed by their variable components
When atoms combine with each other, molecules are formed. For example:
• H2O – water. 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms;
• H2SO4 – sulfuric acid. 2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygen atoms;
• N2 – Nitrogen molecule, consists of two nitrogen atoms.
Therefore, the H2O molecule consists of:
The combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, which together give:
• Hydrogen. Two Protons and 2 Electrons, where 2 protons consist of 4 U quarks + 2 D quarks;
• Oxygen 8 Protons, 8 Neutrons and 8 Electrons, consists of 24 U quarks and 24 D quarks.
And so on, every atom has quarks.
How many molecules are there in the universe? In short – unlimited amount.
Medicine, as a science, needs to know and master the diversity of molecules and their functionality in order to treat. There is a special, if I may say so, database of medical molecules, which contains molecules not from all atoms, but only from a few. GDB17 lists 166.4 billion molecules up to 17 atoms – C, N, O, S and halogen atoms, observing simple rules of chemical stability and synthetic feasibility.
Conclusion:
Observable Phenomenon – A molecule depends only on the existence of the various structural elements. The existence of the structural elements depends on the characteristics and existence of the components that make up the structural elements..
The existence of the Observable Phenomenon and the Phenomenon’s Structural Elements is directly consequential/dependent on their components. By changing the components of a Structural Element, a different phenomenon is formed.
That is – by changing the type and number of Atoms, the observable Phenomenon – the Molecule – changes.
Important note – 18+ billion year old Quarks combine to form Atoms, which combine to form Molecules. When a Molecule is formed – quarks and atoms did not disappear, they combined to form a larger Structure – a Molecule! They are a part of this structure.
Since each Molecule consists of an Atom, at the same time, it contains a proportional number of Upper and Lower Quartus, Protons/Neutrons.
We defined “How deep do you have to go to understand”: Regardless of the Phenomenon – the Phenomenon is one, but it consists of Structural Elements and their various components, the depth of the Structural Elements system, which, at different levels and configurations of the depth of the Structural Elements, in a unified common interaction, also form the observable Phenomenon. The existence of the Observable Phenomenon and the Structural Elements of the Phenomenon is directly consequential/dependent on their components. By changing the components of the Structural Element, another Phenomenon is formed. That is – by changing the number of protons/neutrons, the observable Phenomenon – the Atom – changes. When Atoms combine, molecules are formed. When Atoms change, a variety of Molecules will be formed. When molecules combine, an Amino Acid will be formed.
Structural element Amino acid and its components
The carbon atom is the alpha, or central component, linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component, also called a side chain. All amino acids have the same basic structure, which is shown in the figure.
At the “center” of each amino acid is a carbon called the α carbon, and four groups are attached to it:
1. hydrogen;
2. &α-carboxyl group;
3. α-amine group;
4. The R-group, sometimes referred to as the side chain.
By and large, the α carbon, carboxyl groups, and amino groups are common to all amino acids, so the R-group is the only unique feature in each amino acid and it is what makes the Amino Acid unique. The R group determines the properties of each type of amino acid (size, polarity, and pH). A slight exception to this structure is the structure of proline, in which the R-end is attached to the α-amine. Peptide bonds are formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid using dehydration synthesis. The amino acid chain is a polypeptide. There are 22 amino acids in proteins, and only 20 of them are specified by the universal genetic code. The others, Selenocysteine and Pyrrolysine, use tRNA, which is able to bind to mRNA stop codons during translation (if, so to speak, a function that “stops” the process of protein production). When this happens, these unusual amino acids can be incorporated into proteins.
There are the following 22 amino acids, with their chemical/atomic/molecular structure. Essential amino acids are marked with: ES
1. Alanine C3H7NO2;
2. Cysteine C3H7NO2S;
3. Aspartic acid C4H7NO4;
4. Glutamic acid C5H9NO4;
5. Phenylalanine ES C9H11NO2;
6. Glycine C2H5NO2;
7. Histidine ES C6H9N3O2;
8. Isoleucine ES C6H13NO2;
9. Lysine ES C6H14N2O2;
10. Leucine ES C6H13NO2;
11. Methionine ES C5H11NO2S;
12. Asparagine C4H8N2O3;
13. Pyrrolysine C12H21N3O3;
14. Proline C5H9NO2;
15. Glutamine C5H10N2O3;
16. Arginine C6H14N4O2;
17. Serine C3H7NO3;
18. Threonine ES C4H9NO3;
19. Selenocysteine C3H7NO2Se;
20. Valine ES C5H11NO2;
21. Tryptophan ES C11H12N2O2;
22. Tyrosine C9H11NO3.
To find the number of quarks, we use mathematics. The essence is the same as in the molecules section.
Conclusions: The Observable Phenomenon – Amino Acid, depends only on the existence of various Structural Elements and depends on the characteristics of the components forming the Structural Elements and their existence. The existence of the Observable Phenomenon and the Phenomenon Structural Elements is directly consequential/dependent on their components. By changing the components of the Structural Element, another phenomenon is formed. That is – by changing, narrowly specific, the number/type of Atoms, the observable Phenomenon – Amino Acid changes.
Amino acids have a common Human functional Function. More correctly, they participate in ensuring certain functions and here it is important to understand that… Now it is necessary to remember a little – Truth/Phenomenon is one. Phenomenon is one, but complicated, because although the phenomenon is one, it consists of structural elements of the Phenomenon, which in turn consist of components, which in themselves, although they are components of Structural Elements, each in itself is a Structural Element with its own characteristic components, which are interconnected, at the nearest/farthest point of time and in common interaction, at different levels, according to their characteristics, form a common interaction, which together also forms the Phenomenon. Structural elements (components) of the system of the Universe are interconnected and their existence arises as a product of the interaction of other systems and their structural elements (components). Each system and its structural elements (components) have their own world of characteristics, which differ from the characteristic properties of the world of their constituent structural elements (components), but they all provide the process of energy transfer – transformation. Each amino acid provides a certain function. Below is a list of the functions of only one amino acid and their functional. The functional of amino acids is a very researched field, a vast topic, therefore, to save time, under the list of amino acids, only one amino acid is described in more detail to demonstrate that:
A) everything is interconnected,
B)that the connection is not only direct, but it can and does exist in the depth of the Components.
Below this amino acids and their functional, there will be an example of how different sets of structural elements with their component mechanisms, form one or another health manifestation Phenomenon – Disease
1. Alanine – Alanine is the second most abundant amino acid in proteins, after leucine. Alanine is one of the twenty canonical α-amino acids used as building blocks (monomers) for protein biosynthesis by ribosomes. Alanine is believed to be one of the earliest amino acids included in the standard repertoire of the genetic code. Based on this fact, the “Alanine World” hypothesis was put forward. This hypothesis explains the evolutionary selection of amino acids in the repertoire of the genetic code from a chemical perspective. In this model, the selection of monomers (i.e., amino acids) for ribosomal protein synthesis is quite limited to those derivatives of alanine that are suitable for the formation of α-helices or β-sheet secondary structural elements. The dominant secondary structures in life, as we know them, are α-helices and β-sheets, and most canonical amino acids can be considered chemical derivatives of alanine. Therefore, most canonical amino acids in proteins can be exchanged for Ala by point mutations, while the secondary structure remains intact. The fact that Ala mimics the secondary structure preferences of most encoded amino acids is practically exploited in alanine scanning mutagenesis. In addition, in classical X-ray crystallography, the polyalanine backbone model is often used to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins using molecular replacement, a model-based phasing method. Alanine is readily converted to glucose and back in the liver (the so-called glucose-alanine cycle). Therefore, alanine belongs to the dispensable amino acids that the body synthesizes itself. If the body lacks carbohydrates, it forms them from alanine in muscle proteins to ensure blood glucose levels;
The functions of amino acids will manifest themselves not at the level of the amino acid/molecule itself, but at the functional level of the Human Organism. This is:
2 out of 6 quarks form a Proton and or Neutron. When Protons/Neutrons combine in different combinations, various Atoms are formed. When Atoms combine, molecules are formed. In this large range of molecules, molecules of certain structures are distinguished, such as Amino Acids, which form Proteins. Proteins form a cell. Cells are many and varied. Each has its own functionality. A cell consists of Organelles. When certain types of cells combine, an Organ is formed. When different Organs combine, Organ Systems are formed. Various organ systems ensure the life processes of the Human body.
And here is an interesting detail – an amino acid participates in ensuring certain functions, somewhere there – in the Organ. Not at the Amino Acid level, but in the Organ and or Organ System.
Chains containing more than 50 amino acid units are called proteins or polypeptides.
Important note – 18+ billion year old Quarks combine to form Protein/Neutron, which combine to form Atoms, which combine to form Molecules, which combine to form Amino Acids. When an Amino Acid was formed – quarks, protons/neutrons, atoms and molecules did not disappear, they combined to form a larger Structure – Amino Acid! They are a part of this structure.
Structural element Protein and its diversity
Proteins are the building blocks of the human body. With the exception of water and fat, the human body is almost entirely made up of protein. Proteins are the main component of muscles, bones, organs, skin and nails. With the exception of water, muscles are made up of about 80% protein.
There is no substitute for nine essential amino acids in the diet. They must be supplied to the body continuously throughout its life. Proteins that contain these amino acids are called complete proteins. Essential amino acids also play a major role in life processes, but they can be synthesized in the body from other substances if the necessary raw materials are available and the mechanisms for their synthesis are functioning properly.
The proteome is the entire set of proteins that are expressed (expressed) or can be expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a given time. It is the set of proteins expressed in a given cell or organism, at a given time, and under given conditions.
How is the protein that a person eats used?
The body breaks down proteins into amino acids and absorbs them. Amino acids. Amino acids are used to build muscles and organs, produce hormones and antibodies, are stored as fat, and are burned as energy.
Everything is interconnected, the question is – how much does each person know, how much is able to put knowledge into a single chain that gives a Unified understanding. Not episodic, in-depth in one area, but Unified – a combination of different areas.
Important note – 18+ billion year old Quarks combine to form protons/neutrons, which combine to form Atoms, which combine to form Molecules, which combine to form Amino Acids, which in turn combine to form Proteins. When Protein was formed – quarks, protons/neutrons, atoms, molecules and amino acids did not disappear, they combined to form a larger Structure – Protein! They are a part of this structure.
SUMMARY – HUMANS ARE PART OF THE UNIVERSE AND THEY HAVE A COMMON STRUCTURE
There are 6 quarks, 2 of which, in various combinations, form:
The visible universe: | Man: |
Protons & Neutrons; Protons & Neutrons; Protons & Neutrons, in various configurations, form Atoms; Atoms in various configurations form Molecules; Atoms & Molecules form the components of the Universe – meteorites, planets, stars, remnants of the life cycle of stars; Stars form Galaxies; Galaxies form the Universe. | Protons & Neutrons; Protons & Neutrons, in different configurations, form Atoms; Atoms in different configurations form molecules; Part of the C atom molecules, which meet certain characteristics, are the Human Building Block – Amino Acids; Amino Acids form Proteins; Proteins form a cell. Currently, 200+ different cell types are known; When certain types of cells combine, Organelles are formed; When different organelles combine in different systems, Organs are formed; When different Organs combine, Organ Systems are formed; Organ systems form the Human Body. |
THE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE IS MORE SIMILAR
The Matryoshka (Mатрешка) principle, when the smallest elementary particles combine and form new structures and are their components
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